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The smoke signal is one of the oldest forms of long-distance communications. It’s a form of visual communication used across a large distance. Smoke signals can be used to relay news, alert people to danger or to draw people into an area that is common to. In ancient China, soldiers along the Great Wall sent smoke signals on its beacon towers to warn each other about enemy assault. The smoke colour communicated the strength and intention of the soldiers who were invading. By placing the beacon towers at regular intervals, and having a soldier placed in each tower the messages could be broadcast throughout the 7,300 kilometers of the Wall. The smoke signals alerted the castles in the inner areas of the wall to the imminent attack. This enabled them to assist and protect troops. In the early days of Sri Lanka, soldiers stationed at the tops of the mountains were alerted to each other about impending enemy attack (from English people, Dutch people, or Portuguese people) through signals from the peak to the peak. They could transmit an alert to the King in an hour. The 8th century BCE saw the fall of Western Zhou Dynasty due to misusing the smoke signal. To amuse his concubine Bao Si, King You of Zhou used false warning beacons to fool his warlords. Around 150 BCE Polybius, the Greek historian, created an elaborate system of smoke signals that were alphabetical that converted Greek alphabetic characters to numeric characters. This allowed messages to be instantly signalled through torches that were that were held in pairs. This idea, also referred to as the «Polybius Square» can be used to create the idea of cryptography or steganography. This cryptographic concept has been employed by Japanese Hiragana and the Germans in the later years of the First World War. North American indigenous peoples also communicated via smoke signal. Each tribe had its distinct signaling system. A signaler ignited a fire at an elevation usually using damp grass that caused a column of smoke to rise. The grass was taken off when it dried, and another bundle would be placed on top of the fire. According to the legend, the smoke rising from the slope was a message. If it was mid-way up the hill it would mean all was well, but at the top of the hill it could indicate the danger. Smoke signals remain in use even today. The College of Cardinals uses smoke signals during conclaves of the Pope to announce the selection of a new Pope. Cardinals with the right to vote cast a secret ballot until someone receives a two-thirds vote plus one. After each election, the ballots are destroyed. After every vote is completed, the ballots will be burned in order to show a failed ballot and white smoke signifies that a new Pope was elected. Military forces often use colored smoke grenades to mark their positions, particularly when they are on air or artillery support calls. Smoke signals may also be used to identify smoke-producing equipment that can be used to send distress signals. Lewis and Clark’s journals detail many instances in which they utilized the Native American method of setting the plains on fire in order to communicate the presence of their group or best gas grills under $200 (uhr.se) to express their desire to get together with tribal members of their local tribe. Yamanas from South America used smoke signals to send messages through fire, for instance, when whales landed on the shoreline. The large amount of meat required the notification of a large number of people, so that it would not degrade. They may also have utilized smoke signals at other times It is therefore possible that Magellan was aware of these fires (which helped him identify the landscape as Tierra del Fuego) but he may have seen the smoke or lights of natural phenomena. The Cape Town Noon Gun was used to set marine chronometers at Table Bay, primarily because of the smoke it produced. Smoke signals were used by Aboriginal Australians across Australia for different purposes. Sometimes they’d notify people of their presence. This was especially true in the event of entering land that was not their native lands. Smoke signals could be used to identify whites who were visiting. They also were used to swiftly send messages. Smoke signals were used to notify of hostile tribes or arrange hunter groups from the same tribe. The signal could originate from either a fixed watch on a ridge, or from a mobile band. To transmit information, the hue of the smoke could be varied in the past, with either blue, black or white depending on the type of material that was being burned was wet grass, dry grass, reeds and other shapes. The shape of the smoke could be a column, ball or smoke ring. The message could also include names and addresses for specific tribesmen. Like other ways of communicating messages, signals can be misinterpreted. In one incident an answer to a smoke signal translated as «we are coming» was interpreted as joining a war party for protection of the tribe. However, it was actually hunting groups that came together after a successful hunt. Modern aviation has made skywriting possible. Ivan, Djordjevic (2010). Coding for Optical Channels. Du, Yumin; Chen, Wenwu; Cui, Kai; Guo, Zhiqian; Wu, Guopeng; Ren, Xiaofeng (2021-02-16). «An exploration into the defense systems of the military at the Ming Great Wall in Qinghai Province From the perspective of the castle-based military settlements.» Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. Knox, Robert. Historical Relationship of Ceylon. Sima Qian. The Grand Historian’s Record. The following excerpts are taken from the book. E. Lucas Bridges: Uttermost Part of the Earth. Indians of Tierra del Fuego. National Archives of Australia. Idriess, Ion L (1953). The Red Chief. Idriess, Ion L (1937). Over the Range. Gusinde, Martin (1966). Nordwind-Sudwind. Mythen und Marchen der Feuerlandindianer (in German). Itsz, Rudolf (1979). «A kihunyt tuzek foldje». Napkove. Neprajzi elbeszelesek (in Hungarian). Budapest: Mora Konyvkiado. pp. 93-112. Original translation The translation is: R.F. 1974). Kamen’s solntsa (in Russian). Leningrad: Detskaya Literatura. The title is «Stone of Sun» and chapter is «The Land of Burnt-Out Fires». Myers, Fred (1986). Pintupi Country, Pintupi Self.
